 |
| General |
| Name | Ruthenium |
| Symbol | Ru |
| Number | 44 |
| Group Number | 8 |
| Group | Transition metals |
| Block | d |
| Density | 12.2 g/cm3 |
| Atomic Weight | 101.07 g/mol |
| Atomic Volume | 8.3 cm3/mol |
| Discover | 1844 |
|
| States |
| State | Solid |
| Melting Point | 2607 K |
| Boiling Point | 4423 K |
| Triple Point | Nil |
| Critical Point | Nil |
| Heat of Fusion | 38.59 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 591.6 kJ/mol |
|
| Energies |
| First Ionization Energy | 711.1 kJ/mole |
| Second Ionization Energy | 1617.1 kJ/mole |
| Third Ionization Energy | 2746.9 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity | 2.2 |
| Electron Affinity | 101 kJ/mole |
| Specific Heat | 0.238 J/gK |
| Heat Atomization | 643 kJ/mole atoms |
|
| Oxidation and Electrons |
| Shells | 2,8,18,15,1 |
| Electron Configuration | [Kr] 4d7 5s1 4d7 5s1 |
| Minimum Oxidation Number | -2 |
| Maximum Oxidation Number | 8 |
| Minimum Common Oxidation Number | 0 |
| Maximum Common Oxidation Number | 4 |
|
| Appearance and Characteristics |
| Crystal Structure | hexagonal |
| Characteristics | hard |
| Color | silvery-white |
| Uses | catalysts |
| Hardness | 6.5 mohs |
| Toxicity | None |
|
| Reactions |
| Reaction with Air | none below 800 deg.C |
| Reaction with 6M HCl | None |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3 | None |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH | None |
|
| Other Forms |
| Number of Isotopes | 7 |
| Hydride | None |
| Oxide | RuO2 RuO4 |
| Chloride | RuCl2 RuCl3 |
|
| Radius |
| Atomic Radius | 134 pm |
| Ionic Radius (1+ ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (1- ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (2+ ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (2- ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (3+ ion) | 82 pm |
|
| Conductivity |
| Thermal Conductivity | 117 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical Conductivity | 131.579 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability | 9.6 A3 |
|
| Abundance |
| Source | nickel ores (sulfides) |
| Relation Abundance Solar System | 0.270 log |
| Abundance Earth's Crust | -3 log |
|
