Germanium Element Properties, Metal, Carbon group Group, Periodic Table of the Elements
Germanium
|
Germanium Element Properties |
 | | General |
| Name | Germanium |
| Symbol | Ge |
| Number | 32 |
| Group Number | 14 |
| Group | Metal, Carbon group |
| Block | p |
| Density | 5.323 g/cm3 |
| Atomic Weight | 72.59 g/mol |
| Atomic Volume | 13.6 cm3/mol |
| Discover | 1886 |
|
| States |
| State | Solid |
| Melting Point | 1211.40 K |
| Boiling Point | 3106 K |
| Triple Point | Nil |
| Critical Point | Nil |
| Heat of Fusion | 36.94 kJ/mol |
| Heat of Vaporization | 334 kJ/mol |
|
| Energies |
| First Ionization Energy | 762.1 kJ/mole |
| Second Ionization Energy | 1537.4 kJ/mole |
| Third Ionization Energy | 3301.7 kJ/mole |
| Electronegativity | 2.01 |
| Electron Affinity | 120 kJ/mole |
| Specific Heat | 0.32 J/gK |
| Heat Atomization | 377 kJ/mole atoms |
|
| Oxidation and Electrons |
| Shells | 2,8,18,4 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
| Minimum Oxidation Number | -4 |
| Maximum Oxidation Number | 4 |
| Minimum Common Oxidation Number | -4 |
| Maximum Common Oxidation Number | 4 |
|
| Appearance and Characteristics |
| Crystal Structure | Face-centered cubic |
| Characteristics | semimetal, brittle |
| Color | gray-black |
| Uses | transistor, wide-ang lens |
| Hardness | mohs |
| Toxicity | None |
|
| Reactions |
| Reaction with Air | mild, w/ht =>GeO2 |
| Reaction with 6M HCl | None |
| Reaction with 15M HNO3 | mild, =>Ge(IV), NOx |
| Reaction with 6M NaOH | None |
|
| Other Forms |
| Number of Isotopes | 5 |
| Hydride | GeH4 Ge2H6 + more |
| Oxide | GeO GeO2 |
| Chloride | GeCl2 GeCl4 |
|
| Radius |
| Atomic Radius | 122.3 pm |
| Ionic Radius (1+ ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (1- ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (2+ ion) | 87 pm |
| Ionic Radius (2- ion) | Nil |
| Ionic Radius (3+ ion) | Nil |
|
| Conductivity |
| Thermal Conductivity | 60.2 J/m-sec-deg |
| Electrical Conductivity | 0 1/mohm-cm |
| Polarizability | 6.1 A3 |
|
| Abundance |
| Source | Zn smelting by-product |
| Relation Abundance Solar System | 2.076 log |
| Abundance Earth's Crust | 0.7 log |
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